摘要：

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................840 MECHANICS OF THE PROCESS ..........................................................................................................................841 Choice of the 16S rRNA Gene as the Gene To Sequence .................................................................................841 Basics of Sequencing ..............................................................................................................................................844 ASSIGNING AN IDENTIFICATION WITH 16S rRNA GENE SEQUENCES .................................................845 Overview of Bacterial Identification and Taxonomic Placement Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequences .........845 Problems in Generating a Sequence ....................................................................................................................845 Generating Dendrograms and Comparing Sequences.......................................................................................846 Sequence Databases................................................................................................................................................848 THE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGIST'S DILEMMA IN ASSIGNING A GENUS AND SPECIES NAME..849 Common Definitions of Genus or Species Derived by 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis ........................849 Problems with the Present Nomenclature...........................................................................................................850 Microheterogeneity in the 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Is Common..................................................................852 MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICE BY IDENTIFYING BACTERIA BY SEQUENCE INSTEAD OF PHENOTYPE .........................................................................854 16S rRNA Gene Sequences Can Better Identify Poorly Described, Rarely Isolated, or Phenotypically Aberrant Strains .................................................................................................................................................854 16S rRNA Gene Sequences Can Be Routinely Used for Identification of Mycobacteria .............................856 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Can Lead to the Discovery and Description of Novel Pathogens......856 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Can Identify Noncultured Bacteria........................................................857 COSTS IN A ROUTINE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY.........................................................857 STANDARDS FOR EDITORS, REVIEWERS, AND LABORATORIANS..........................................................858 CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................................................859 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........................................................................................................................................859 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................859

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