摘要：

The leishmaniases are protozoan, zoonotic diseases transmittedto human and other mammal hosts by the bite of phlebotominesandflies. Bolivia has the highest incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL) in Latin America (LA), with 33 cases per 100,000 populationreported in 2006. CL is endemic in seven of the country'snine administrative departments. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)is comparatively rare and is restricted to one single focus.Most CL cases are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis(85% cases); VL is caused by L. (L.) infantum. Seven sandflyspecies are incriminated as vectors and Leishmania infectionshave been detected in several non-human mammal hosts. Transmissionis associated with forest-related activities, but recently,cases of autochthonous, urban transmission were reported. Becausemost cases are caused by L. (V.) braziliensis, Bolivia reportsthe greatest ratio (i.e., up to 20% of all cases) of mucosalleishmaniasis to localized CL cases in LA. Per national guidelines,both CL and VL cases are microscopically diagnosed and treatedwith pentavalent antimony.

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