摘要：

Developing climate-resilient and sustainable agronomic practices is imperative to tackle these issues and enhance the overall sustainability and efficiency of MWS (maize-wheat system) in the IGPs (Indo-Gangetic Plains). In a two-year field experiment focused on MWS in the IGPs, various agronomic practices were evaluated for their impact on productivity, profitability, energy use efficiency, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The experiment utilized different crop establishment methods (CEMs) and nutrient management options (NMOs). Among CEMs, permanent raised beds (PRB) with residue (R) (Sc4-PRB + R) significantly enhanced system productivity (+23.2 %) over conventional tillage (CT) without residue (Sc1-CT-R), with higher system production and monetary efficiencies. Similarly, nutrient management using Nutrient Expert with GreenSeeker (Nm3-NE + GS) resulted in the highest productivity (11.16 Mg ha 1 ), production efficiency (41.6 kg ha 1 day 1 ), and monetary efficiency ($7.77 ha -1 day 1 ), surpassing soil test-based (Nm1-STB) and Nutrient Expert based (Nm2-NE) recommendations. Environmental sustainability metrics showed lower energy intensity and GHGs-emissions under Sc3-PRB-R combined with Nm3-NE, indicated reduced global warming potential (31.94–32.61 %) and GHG-intensity (44.63 %–46.66 %), respectively.Overall, the study underscores the benefits of adopting conservation agriculture (CA)-practices like permanent raised beds and precision nutrient management to enhance productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability in M W system. These findings highlight the potential for scaling up climate-resilient and sustainable farming practices to ensure food security while mitigating environmental impacts in agricultural systems. Implementing these strategies can help decrease overall GHGs-emissions and contribute to a more sustainable agri-food production system.

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