摘要：

The continuous need of energy for transportation and manufacturing purposes causes a significant fuel consumption. Fossil fuels represent the main energy source with about 84% of used supplies. However, the accompanied problems including the global warming and climate change as a result of the greenhouse effect might direct many research groups to develop new routes for energy generation. Biofuels as fatty acid methyl esters are considered as promising candidates for producing energy. Reduced gas emissions and increased energy content could be gained when applying biofuels in relation to those obtained from petroleum. The surprising features of biodiesel involving non-toxicity, lowered pollution rates and biodegradability encouraged many scientists to construct suitable systems based on active catalyst materials to motivate the transesterification reaction of oils into optimum biodiesel yields. Biomass wastes in environment were exploited to fabricate suitable catalysts. A special reference to calcium oxide-based nanomaterials was included as a result of its numerous biomass sources with unique characteristics. The use of individual or mixed CaO sources with other transition metals and their oxides was discussed. The influence of varied transformation parameters such as the calcination temperature, catalyst content, alcohol: oil ratio, reaction time and temperature onto the measured biodiesel yield was also stated. Employing animal fats and numerous oil types showed altered results based on their free fatty acid amounts. Some examples for exploiting algal lipids as promising feedstocks were mentioned. Therefore, a fruitful insight about producing biofuel from waste biomass in presence of active catalytic materials was presented in this work.

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