摘要：

the undesired deposition of microorganisms and the formation of biofilms is called "biofouling". the consequences of biofouling for water purification, transport and storage are considerable both economically and ecologically. countermeasures against biofouling include three steps: i) detection, ii) sanitization and iii) prevention of biofouling. the detection has to refer to surfaces. cell counts in water water samples do not reflect the location or the extent of biofilms. biocides display only limited value in terms of removal of biofouling layers. first, biofilm organisms are protected against biocides and tolerate 10 to 1000-fold higher concentrations. second, water systems usually cannot be kept sterile. thus, dead biofilms provide nutrients and suitable surfaces for further growth of cells imported with the raw water. cleaning of a system is an integral part of sanitization and even more important than disinfection. it has to be based on a designed strategy. efficien

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