The initial stages of growth of thin metal films on a silver single-crystal substrate

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Very thin layers of several metals have been deposited onto smooth (111) surfaces of silver single crystals. The initial stages of growth of these deposits were followed by electron diffraction. Lead, thallium and silver grew in the form of oriented monolayers, while three-dimensional crystallites of gold and nickel were found in the earliest detectable stages. Thin deposits up to about 8 Ã of both tin and antimony possessed an amorphous structure only. Spontaneous crystallization of these films was observed and thicker films were wholly crystalline. In several cases a proportion of randomly oriented deposit was formed which predominated when the thickness of the film was increased. This shows the importance of examining the initial stages of the process. No evidence for pseudomorphic growth was observed.

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When tomatoes were planted in steamed soil inoculated with spores of Didymella lycopersici Kleb., a large proportion became infected but very few became infected in unsteamed soil similarly inoculated. In soil treated with formalin and subsequently inoculated the number of diseased plants was about half that in steamed soil. Reinfecting steamed soil with soil micro-organisms before inoculation with D. lycopersici reduced the amount of disease. Covering steamed soil with a layer of maiden loam filtered out a large proportion of D. lycopersici spores applied in water suspension and reduced the amount of disease. Addition of stable manure either before or after steaming did not affect the number of diseased plants Steamed soil remained susceptible to infection by D. lycopersici for 4 months