摘要：

The understanding of the Raf, PI3-kinase and RalGDS mediated pathways that relay physiological signals from oncogenic Ras-proteins has been consistently improved over the recent years. The proliferative, anti-apoptotic and some of the more cell-type and tumor-idiosyncratic effects of Ras GTPases in various scenarios could be ascribed to one of these effectors. However, individual tumor cells undergo drastic changes in their cell fates and differentiation states which likely require the activation of other than Raf-, PI3-kinase- and RalGDS-initiated signaling mechanisms. In addition, Ras GTPases participate in a multitude of developmental processes that entail growth, proliferative, differentiative and migratory programs. Proteins such as AF-6, Nore1, certain protein kinase C (PLC) isoforms, Tiam1, Rin1 and a few others have been identified as candidate Ras-effectors mostly by virtue of their physical interaction properties in various affinity-based protocols but also as a result of genetic and computational approaches. This selection of alternative binding partners for oncogenic Ras-proteins can thus serve as a source for more in depth investigations of particular Ras-related phenomena. The following chapter will scrutinize these molecules with respect to their functions and biochemical properties

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