摘要：

The relatively consistent chromosome changes, especially specific translocations that are closely associated with particular neoplasms, provide convincing evidence for the fundamental role of these changes in the transformation of a normal cell to a malignant cell. In some tumors, these changes are too small to be detected, and the cells appear to have a normal karyotype. However, new chromosome banding techniques have helped in the understanding of the specificity of some of the abnormalities. These techniques allow the identification of each human chromosome and of parts of chromosomes as well. When one considers the number of nonrandom changes that are seen in a cancer such as acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), it is clear that not just one gene but rather a class of genes is involved. Moreover, knowledge of the human gene map has developed concurrently with the understanding of the consistent chromosome changes in neoplasia. It is now possible to correlate the chromosomes that are affected with the genes that they carry.

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