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201 Notes 1. Promises Unfulfilled 1. Lesotho ranks 162nd out of 187 countries in terms of overall development (World Bank 2015). The Gini index is a measure of income inequality in countries, with 0 being no inequality and 100 being absolute inequality; with a Gini index of 52.5, Lesotho ranks as one of the world's most unequal countries in terms of income (UNDP 2014). 2. Many observers, including Craig Timberg and Daniel Halperin (2012) and numerous activists, called this group of programs and projects the "AIDS- Industrial Complex." 3. As Patrick Chabal (2009) notes, the phrase "suffering and smiling" was originally coined in a song (of the same name) by Fela Kuti. 4. The question of why this shift to "administering the epidemic" occurred does not have a simple answer. Parker (2000) asserts that AIDS activist movements never coalesced into a truly global movement that could adequately challenge global institutions and participate in agenda setting. Equally important, perhaps , is the fact that the power and resources of global institutions addressing HIV grew at an extraordinary pace, one that activists could not match. 5. It is worth noting that these changing social dynamics in the epidemic response mirrored broader shifts toward neoliberalism that were imperiling social movements and activism across the globe, as discussed in Chapter 2. 6. At the time, nevirapine was the standard baseline treatment for PMTCT in low- and middle- income countries, though regimens that combined multiple antiretroviral medicines were known to be more effective. 7. For a related and more extended discussion of spatiality and modern states, see Ferguson and Gupta 2002. 8. As one scholar put it, Foucault "stole" political science from the political scientists (Brass 2000). 202 Mistreated 2. Democratic Deficits 1. A government- run ethical board rejecting research because it might present a critical perspective of the government raises other questions about the ethics of what can amount to unethical research approval mechanisms within government structures. I had no choice but to submit to this ethical process, which in other domains provided important feedback on the ethics of the research protocol. 2. These connections between aid and politics echo Lynn Morgan's (1985, 241) argument, regarding health care in Costa Rica, that "health is a profoundly political issue, but it is often in the interests of those who control health policy to perpetuate the illusion that health is immune from such political considerations." 3. Prior to the 2010 World Cup, South Africa unceremoniously closed the border with Lesotho to all Basotho who did not have passports, which meant that the vast majority of citizens could no longer seek economic opportunities in South Africa. Border security was tightened, and South Africa cited potential security threats as a reason for these actions. 4. "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrica" is also the national anthem of Tanzania, and was considered an anthem for pan- African liberation movements. 5. S.D. Turner (2005, 4) argues that these trade measures were a pointed attempt by the colonial authorities to assist the burgeoning mining industry in accessing cheap labor. 6. This economic shift had an extraordinary impact on rural sustenance, family relations, and gender roles, which is nicely described by both Colin Murray (1981) and Marc Epprecht (1993). 7. It is worth mentioning that at the peak of mining migration, remittances were likely equivalent to the entire country's GDP (Cobbe 1982). Today, in many African countries, remittances still contribute more to the economy than all overseas development aid combined (Driffield and Jones 2013). 8. Bantustans were allegedly "independent" territories set up by the white apartheid government, to which black populations were required to relocate. 9. The political shuffling in Lesotho in the 1980s and 1990s has been widely reported elsewhere. Readers interested in a more in- depth history should consult sources such as Coplan and Quinlan 1997; Gill 1993; Maleleka 2009; Southall 2003; and Tsiko

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