摘要：

An experiment on different crop establishment and tillage management techniques involving residue retention or residue removal were conducted under researcher-designed and farmer-managed, with a single replicate, repeated over many farmers. Therefore, the experimental design was Randomized Block Design in which farmer as a replicate commencing with kharif in 2008 at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut sites in the North West India (28° 402 073 N to 29° 282 113 N, 77° 282 143 E to 77° 442 183 E). The climate of the area is semiarid, with an average annual rainfall of 805 mm (75-80% of which is received during July to September), minimum temperature of 4 oC in January, maximum temperature of 41- 45 oC in June, and relative humidity of 67-83% during the year. The soils are generally sandy loam to loam in texture and low to medium in organic matter content. Groundwater pumping is

展开